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We characterize the 2–line of the p–local Adams–Novikov spectral sequence in terms
of modular forms satisfying a certain explicit congruence condition for primes p ≥ 5.
We give a similar characterization of the 1–line, reinterpreting some earlier work of A
Baker and G Laures. These results are then used to deduce that, for ℓ a prime which
generates Zp×, the spectrum Q(ℓ) detects the α and β families in the stable
stems.
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