We show that the universal covering ~X of any compact, negatively
curved manifold X0 has an exponential growth rate which is
strictly greater than the exponential growth rate of any other normal
covering X→X0. Moreover, we give an explicit formula
estimating the difference between ω(~X) and ω(X) in terms
of the systole of X and of other elementary geometric parameters of
the base space X0. Then we discuss some applications of this
formula to periodic geodesics, to the bottom of the spectrum and to the
critical exponent of normal coverings.